(a) The alif ـا : Pronounced as, the alif ـا is a prolonged fatha, so it is called a long fatha. In Arabic, these letters are also called weak letters (أَحْرُفُ العِلَّة) or the letters of prolongation (أَحْرُف المَدّ). The alif (ـا) is pronounced as, the yaa (ـيـ) is pronounced as, and the waaw (ـو) is pronounced as. have a sukuun) over them-the alif, the yaa, and the waaw. They are represented by three letters that are saakina (i.e. Like the other two diacritical marks, it can determine the part of speech of words, and it may affect word-meanings. It is pronounced as, that is a reduced waaw.
(c) dhamma الضَّمــَّــة (ــُــ): The dhamma is a small waaw (و) added above the letter. Like the fatha, it can determine the part of the speech of the word and may change word-meanings. It is pronounced as, that is a reduced yaa. It is put underneath the letter because it is the opposite of fatha. (b) kasra الْكَســْــرَة (ــِــ): Proposed by Al-Farahidi in the 8 th century, the kasra is a small alif (ا) laid down below the letter. At the word-level, it can determine the part of speech of words and may change word-meanings. It is pronounced as, that is a reduced alif. (a) fatha الْفَتْحــَــة (ــَــ): As can be seen from its shape, the fatha is a small alif (ا) lain down on the letter (this shape was proposed by the renowned Arab grammarian Al-Khalil ibn Ahmed Al-Farahidi in the 8 th century). Pedagogically, therefore, it essential that learners of Arabic learn how to add them to words from the outset of their learning. For example, by changing the diacritical mark that accompanies the word علم, multiple words are generated: عَلِمَ 'he knew' is an active verb, عُلِمَ 'was known' is a passive verb, عِلْم 'science' is a noun, عَلَم 'flag' is a noun, عَلَّمَ 'to educate', among other words. Put another way, although seemingly additional, they are considerably essential, for they determine the part of speech of the word, its function, and its meaning. It worth noting that these vowels are not written in Modern Standard Arabic, but they are fully articulated. Therefore, they are secondary sounds that accompany letters. They are represented by three diacritical marks placed above or below the consonant that precedes them: the fatha, the kasra, and the dhamma. These vowels are, , and and for each short vowel, there is a corresponding long vowel. They are simple in that they are easily produced which makes the articulation of words straightforward.
Fortunately for the learners of Arabic as a foreign language, vowels in Arabic are simple and limited. Vowels in Arabic Vowels in Arabic are called harakat حَرَكَات, the singular of which is haraka حَرَكَة.
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